生态红线区管理:英国科研专用区的历史脉络与经验借鉴     

夏方舟  吴頔  严金明 《地域研究与开发》2017,36(1)

作为关键生态保护区域边界线,生态红线划定当前已经上升为中国国家层面战略部署,然而当前生态红线的研究尚处于探索阶段,对于如何针对红线区域具体设计法规保障、制定管理规则、限定开发行为等方面的研究较为匮乏。鉴于英国已经较为成熟的科研专用区相关保护管理的历史经验,梳理和定位了英国科研专用区的3个发展阶段,探讨了各个发展阶段的基本原则、管理机制和实施保障的演变过程,总结英国科研专用区的规划与管理经验,提出了完善法律保障与规程规范、实施统一监管和区域统筹、并行生态补偿与保护自住、签订标准化管理协议、加强公众参与与研讨机制、提升资金保障与使用效率等对我国生态红线区管理与保障的有益借鉴。  相似文献   

Global impact of a climate treaty if the Human Development Index replaces GDP as a welfare proxy     

Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh 《Climate Policy》2018,18(1):76-85

This study explores the implications of shifting the narrative of climate policy evaluation from one of costs/benefits or economic growth to a message of improving social welfare. Focusing on the costs of mitigation and the associated impacts on gross domestic product (GDP) may translate into a widespread concern that a climate agreement will be very costly. This article considers the well-known Human Development Index (HDI) as an alternative criterion for judging the welfare effects of climate policy. We estimate what the maximum possible annual average increase in HDI welfare per tons of CO₂ would be within the carbon budget associated with limiting warming to 2°C over the period 2015–2050. Emission pathways are determined by a policy that allows the HDI of poor countries and their emissions to increase under a business-as-usual development path, while countries with a high HDI value (>0.8) have to restrain their emissions to ensure that the global temperature rise does not exceed 2°C. For comparison, the well-known multi-regional RICE model is used to assess GDP growth under the same climate change policy goals.

Policy relevance

This is the first study that shifts the narrative of climate policy evaluation from one of GDP growth to a message of improving social welfare, as captured by the HDI. This could make it easier for political leaders and climate negotiators to publicly commit themselves to ambitious carbon emission reduction goals, such as limiting global warming to 2°C, as in the (non-binding) agreement made at COP 21 in Paris in 2015. We find that if impacts are framed in terms of growth in HDI per t CO₂ emission per capita instead of in GDP, the HDI of poor countries and their emissions are allowed to increase under a business-as-usual development path, whereas countries with a high HDI (>0.8) must control emissions so that global temperature rise remains within 2°C. Importantly, a climate agreement is more attractive for rich countries under the HDI than the GDP frame. This is good news, as these countries have to make the major contribution to emissions reductions.  相似文献   

基于移动网络的端到端密钥协商协议     

徐平  张方舟  张晓宇  马西保 《东北石油大学学报》2012,36(4):74-78,110,9

虽然3G网络的安全机制扩展到核心网络,但是并没有实现端到端安全.基于自生成证书公钥密码体制,设计一种端到端密钥协商协议,只需要一个消息交换就可以建立安全的三方会话密钥.安全性分析结果表明:基于移动网络的端到端密钥协商协议能够解决密钥管理及第三方无举证窃听,与其他密钥协商协议相比,具有较好的安全性,为端到端加密在移动通信系统中的大规模应用提供基础.  相似文献   

Further developments of a fuzzy set map comparison approach     

ALEX HAGEN-ZANKER  BAS STRAATMAN  INGE ULJEE 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):769-785

Fuzzy set map comparison offers a novel approach to map comparison.The approach is specifically aimed at categorical raster maps and applies fuzzy set techniques, accounting for fuzziness of location and fuzziness of category, to create a similarity map as well as an overall similarity statistic: the Fuzzy Kappa. To date, the calculation of the Fuzzy Kappa (or K-fuzzy) has not been formally derived, and the documented procedure was only valid for cases without fuzziness of category. Furthermore, it required an infinitely large, edgeless map. This paper presents the full derivation of the Fuzzy Kappa; the method is now valid for comparisons considering fuzziness of both location and category and does not require further assumptions. This theoretical completion opens opportunities for use of the technique that surpass the original intentions. In particular, the categorical similarity matrix can be applied to highlight or disregard differences pertaining to selected categories or groups of categories and to distinguish between differences due to omission and commission.  相似文献   

Kappa (k) derived from accelerograms recorded in the 2008 Wenchuan mainshock,Sichuan, China     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2013

High-frequency spectral decay factor, kappa (k), in the accelerograms of the Wenchuan mainshock was measured using strong motion data from 52 stations within 311 km of the epicenter. The derived k range from 0.0034 s to 0.0468 s. The correlation of k versus fault distance was given, which is k = 0.01288 + 5.9068 × 10^–5 R for the N-S component, k = 0.01881 + 1.4219 × 10^–5 R for the E-W component, and k = 0.00855 + 5.6086 × 10^–5 R for the U-D component. The analysis on the spatial variation of k demonstrates that k relates to source effect and propagation effect besides local site effect. Ground motions for the 52 stations were simulated using derived k and compared to actual recordings in terms of waveforms, amplitude spectra and response spectra. The results show agreement at shorter periods (<1 s), but a slight overestimation at longer periods (1–7 s).  相似文献   

自组织网络在遥感土地覆盖分类中应用研究   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13  

孙丹峰  汲长远  林培 《遥感学报》1999,3(2):139-143

设计完成和比较了自组织网络的几种算法在遥感土地覆盖分类中的应用,结果表明非监督和监督学习结合方法进行遥感土地覆盖分类,各算法在分类性能上无显著差异,因此可采用算法和较简单的单竞争学习网络,根据最邻近原则进行非参数分类。  相似文献   

异构传感器网络基于身份的认证及密钥协商方案     

付小晶  张国印  马春光 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2010,(5)

结合身份密码体制,提出了一个基于身份和地理位置信息的异构传感器网络(HSN)节点间的双向认证及密钥协商方案。不同性能节点之间采用不同的协议完成身份认证和密钥建立,充分发挥了高性能节点的能力,降低了低性能节点的能耗。该方案具有完美前向保密性和主密钥前向保密性,具有较好的抗节点伪造、节点复制和女巫攻击能力。分析与仿真表明,该方案具有较好的安全性。  相似文献   

利用信任评估进行匿名认证路由协议   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李小青  李晖  朱辉  马建峰 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2010,(5)

根据动态统计节点的行为,引入一种信任评估系统,使节点及时地发现网络中的恶意行为,保证在路由建立过程中各节点不承担过重的安全任务,降低路由协议的复杂度。在路由建立前,完成通信节点与CA的匿名双向认证,有效防止中间人的攻击。提出在路由表中存储节点匿名身份的哈希路由登记表,保证网络匿名安全性的同时,避免重复发起路由,提高路由查找的效率。基于Diffie-Hellman密钥交换算法,完成会话密钥协商。本协议结合对称密码体制和公钥密码体制,结构简单、有效。  相似文献   

滇西地区九种岩石的P波Q值     

段永康  许昭永 《地震研究》1991,14(2):171-180

本文叙述了以波传播和谱振幅比法测得的滇西地区九种岩石在不同应力状态下(σ_1=σ_2=σ_3=σ)的衰减系数,P波速度及Q值。在σ≤90 MPa时,随压力增加,衰减系数减小,P波速度及Q值增大;在σ≥120 MPa以后,衰减系数、P波速度及Q值变化甚小。其中团山砂岩及砖窑村片麻岩Q值较低。  相似文献   

Governance of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): accounting,rewarding, and the Paris agreement     

Asbjørn Torvanger 《Climate Policy》2019,19(3):329-341

Studies show that the ‘well below 2°C’ target from the Paris Agreement will be hard to meet without large negative emissions from mid-century onwards, which means removing CO₂ from the atmosphere and storing the carbon dioxide in biomass, soil, suitable geological formations, deep ocean sediments, or chemically bound to certain minerals. Biomass energy combined with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is the negative emission technology (NET) given most attention in a number of integrated assessment model studies and in the latest IPCC reports. However, less attention has been given to governance aspects of NETs. This study aims to identify pragmatic ways forward for BECCS, through synthesizing the literature relevant to accounting and rewarding BECCS, and its relation to the Paris Agreement. BECCS is divided into its two elements: biomass and CCS. Calculating net negative emissions requires accounting for sustainability and resource use related to biomass energy production, processing and use, and interactions with the global carbon cycle. Accounting for the CCS element of BECCS foremost relates to the carbon dioxide capture rate and safe underground storage. Rewarding BECCS as a NET depends on the efficiency of biomass production, transport and processing for energy use, global carbon cycle feedbacks, and safe storage of carbon dioxide, which together determine net carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere. Sustainable biomass production is essential, especially with regard to trade-offs with competing land use. Negative emissions have an added value compared to avoided emissions, which should be reflected in the price of negative emission ‘credits’, but must be discounted due to global carbon cycle feedbacks. BECCS development will depend on linkages to carbon trading mechanisms and biomass trading.

Key policy insights

• A standardized framework for sustainable biomass should be adopted.

• Countries should agree on a standardized framework for accounting and rewarding BECCS and other negative emission technologies.

• Early government support is indispensable to enable BECCS development, scale-up and business engagement.

• BECCS projects should be designed to maximize learning across various applications and across other NETs.

• BECCS development should be aligned with modalities of the Paris Agreement and market mechanisms.

  相似文献